Mughal ruler Humayun defeating the Afghans before reconquering India (detail), folio from an Akbar-nama (Book of Akbar) of Abu’l Fazl (Indian, 1551–1602), c. 1590. India, Mughal school. Opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper; image: 31.2 x 18.6 cm; overall: 36.5 x 23.1 cm. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Andrew R. and Martha Holden Jennings Fund, 1971.77

Mughal ruler Humayun defeating the Afghans before reconquering India, folio from an Akbar-nama (Book of Akbar) of Abu’l Fazl (Indian, 1551–1602), c. 1590. India, Mughal school. Opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper; image: 31.2 x 18.6 cm; overall: 36.5 x 23.1 cm. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Andrew R. and Martha Holden Jennings Fund, 1971.77

Rustam Takes Aim at Ashkabus, from a Shah-nama (Book of Kings), c. 1425–50. Sultanate India, Deccan or Malwa. Gum tempera and ink on paper; folio: 31.8 x 25.6 cm; painting: 13.7 x 20.5 cm. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Severance and Greta Millikin Purchase Fund, 2020.204

Page from the Late Shah Jahan Album: Portrait of Asaf Khan, c. 1653. India, Mughal court, reign of Shah Jahan (1628–58), Mughal dynasty (1526–1756). Opaque watercolor and gold on paper; image: 19 x 11.9 cm; overall: 38 x 24.8 cm. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1945.168

Tulwar Sword, 1700s. India, probably Deccan. Iron hilt with gold; steel blade with gold; wood scabbard with velvet and metallic thread; overall: 96.6 cm. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of S. D. Wright, 1930.704